INGREDIËNTS : Propanediol, Ascorbic Acid

User manual

Apply morning and evening directly to cleansed face, allow serum to soak in before applying cream.

The unique water and fat-free formula ensures that vitamin C remains stable in this bottle.

WARNINGS

For external use only. Keep out of reach of children. Avoid direct contact with eyes. Use only as directed.

STORAGE

Store in a cool and dry place away from direct sunlight.

Propanediol / Other names: 1-3 Propanediol
Propanediol is a clear, odourless, thick liquid substance of natural origin belonging to glycols. It is a derivative of fermented maize starch.

Our Propane-1,3-diol is produced organically.  Glycerol has been converted into 1,3-propanediol by fermentation using certain bacteria.  

Dupont has developed recombinant microorganisms (more specifically from Escherichia Coli) that can produce propanediol directly from glucose (sugar). This method requires less energy than the previous one and is based on renewable raw materials.

What is propanediol used for?

Propanediol is mainly used as a solvent and emollient. It is a natural alternative to conventional synthetic glycols. It is used to replace glycerine and propylene glycol (a synthetic substance derived from oil). Propanediol is preferred by manufacturers of natural skin care products because it is natural, less environmentally damaging and non-irritating to the skin.

What are the benefits of propanediol?
As an ingredient in care products, propanediol has several advantages. Although propanediol is mainly used as a solvent, fragrance and preservative, it also has a moisturizing and soothing effect on the skin. It is an accepted component for use in organically certified skin care products and cosmetics.

Is propanediol harmful?
Propanediol is harmless when used as intended.

Is propanediol safe for the skin?
It is a safe component of organic and natural cosmetic care products.
In general, propanediol cannot cause allergic reactions and is therefore safe for the skin. However, when purchasing a conventional propanediol skin care product, it is advisable to check whether propanediol comes from natural ingredients.
Is propanediol halal?
propanediol is a halal ingredient and is also used in various halal cosmetics. In addition, propanediol is a Kosher component and suitable for vegans.

Vitamin C or ascorbic acid (INCI name: Ascorbic Acid) is a vitamin naturally present in human skin (Shindo et al., 1994).

Vitamin C stimulates the skin to produce collagen responsible for skin firmness (Robertson & Schwartz, 1953; Murad et al., 1981). In addition, vitamin C reduces the damage caused by exposure to harmful substances and a sufficient amount of vitamin C in the skin is crucial for good wound healing (Dunphy et al., 1956; Boyce et al., 2002; Arnold & Barbul, 2006).

REFERENTIES

Arnold, M., & Barbul, A. (2006). Nutrition and wound healing. Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 117(7S), 42S-58S.

Boyce, S. T., Supp, A. P., Swope, V. B., & Warden, G. D. (2002). Vitamin C regulates keratinocyte viability, epidermal barrier, and basement membrane in vitro, and reduces wound contraction after grafting of cultured skin substitutes. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 118(4), 565-572.

Bsoul, S. A., & Terezhalmy, G. T. (2004). Vitamin C in health and disease. J Contemp Dent Pract, 5(2), 1-13.

Campos, P.M., Goncalves, G.M. & Gaspar, L.R. (2008). In vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo efficacy of topical formulations containing vitamin C and its derivatives studied by non-invasive methods. Skin Res Technol, 14, 376-380.

Cosgrove, M. C., Franco, O. H., Granger, S. P., Murray, P. G., & Mayes, A. E. (2007). Dietary nutrient intakes and skin-aging appearance among middle-aged American women. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 86(4), 1225-1231.

Darr, D., Dunston, S., Faust, H. & Pinnell, S. (1996). Effectiveness of Antioxidants (Vitamin C and E) With and Without Sunscreens as Topical Photoprotectants. Acta Derm Vcnereol (Stockh), 76, 264-268.

Dunphy, J. E., Udupa, K. N., & Edwards, L. C. (1956). Wound healing a new perspective with particular reference to ascorbic acid deficiency. Annals of surgery, 144(3), 304.

Elmore, A. R. (2004). Final report of the safety assessment of L-Ascorbic Acid, Calcium Ascorbate, Magnesium Ascorbate, Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate, Sodium Ascorbate, and Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 24, 51-111.

Fitzpatrick, R. E., & Rostan, E. F. (2002). Double‐Blind, Half‐Face Study Comparing Topical Vitamin C and Vehicle for Rejuvenation of Photodamage. Dermatologic surgery, 28(3), 231-236.

Humbert, P. G., Haftek, M., Creidi, P., Lapière, C., Nusgens, B., Richard, A., … & Zahouani, H. (2003). Topical ascorbic acid on photoaged skin. Clinical, topographical and ultrastructural evaluation – double‐blind study vs. placebo. Experimental dermatology, 12(3), 237-244.

Jacob, R. A., & Sotoudeh, G. (2002). Vitamin C function and status in chronic disease. Nutrition in clinical care, 5(2), 66-74.

Klock, J., Ikeno, H., Ohmori, K., Nishikawa, T., Vollhardt, J., & Schehlmann, V. (2005). Sodium ascorbyl phosphate shows in vitro and in vivo efficacy in the prevention and treatment of acne vulgaris. International journal of cosmetic science, 27(3), 171-176.

Lee, W. R., Shen, S. C., Wang, K. H., Hu, C. H., & Fang, J. Y. (2003). Lasers and microdermabrasion enhance and control topical delivery of vitamin C. Journal of investigative dermatology, 121(5), 1118-1125.

Lin, J. Y., Selim, M. A., Shea, C. R., Grichnik, J. M., Omar, M. M., Monteiro-Riviere, N. A., & Pinnell, S. R. (2003). UV photoprotection by combination topical antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 48(6), 866-874.

Lin, F. H., Lin, J. Y., Gupta, R. D., Tournas, J. A., Burch, J. A., Selim, M. A., … & Pinnell, S. R. (2005). Ferulic acid stabilizes a solution of vitamins C and E and doubles its photoprotection of skin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 125(4), 826-832.

Murad, S., Grove, D., Lindberg, K. A., Reynolds, G., Sivarajah, A., & Pinnell, S. R. (1981). Regulation of collagen synthesis by ascorbic acid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 78(5), 2879-2882.

Nusgens, B. V., Humbert, P., Rougier, A., Colige, A. C., Haftek, M., Lambert, C. A., … & Lapière, C. M. (2001). Topically Applied Vitamin C Enhances the mRNA Level of Collagens I and III, Their Processing Enzymes and Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 in the Human Dermis. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 116(6), 853-859.

Pinnell, S. R., Yang, H., Omar, M., Riviere, N. M., Debuys, H. V., Walker, L. C., … & Levine, M. (2001). Topical L-ascorbic acid – percutaneous absorption studies. Dermatologic surgery, 27(2), 137-142.

Podda, M., Traber, M. G., Weber, C., Yan, L. J., & Packer, L. (1998). UV-irradiation depletes antioxidants and causes oxidative damage in a model of human skin. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 24(1), 55-65.

Raschke, T., Koop, U., Düsing, H. J., Filbry, A., Sauermann, K., Jaspers, S., … & Wittern, K. P. (2003). Topical activity of ascorbic acid: from in vitro optimization to in vivo efficacy. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 17(4), 200-206.

Rhie, G. E., Shin, M. H., Seo, J. Y., Choi, W. W., Cho, K. H., Kim, K. H., … & Chung, J. H. (2001). Aging-and photoaging-dependent changes of enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants in the epidermis and dermis of human skin in vivo. Journal of investigative dermatology, 117(5), 1212-1217.

Robertson, W. V. B., & Schwartz, B. (1953). Ascorbic acid and the formation of collagen. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 201(2), 689-696.

Shindo, Y., Witt, E., Han, D., Epstein, W., & Packer, L. (1994). Enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in epidermis and dermis of human skin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 102(1), 122-124.

Traikovich, S. S. (1999). Use of topical ascorbic acid and its effects on photodamaged skin topography. Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, 125(10), 1091-1098.

Woolery‐Lloyd, H., Baumann, L., & Ikeno, H. (2010). Sodium L‐ascorbyl‐2‐phosphate 5% lotion for the treatment of acne vulgaris: a randomized, double‐blind, controlled trial. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 9(1), 22-27.